Application in adhesives of renewable raw materials.
Renée van Schijndel, ATO (Agrotechnological Research Institute), NL, co-authors: Leontine de Graaf, Stephan Hulleman.
Recent research revealed that a new approach of biopolymers creates a new generation environmentally and consumer friendly adhesives with good performance, without some drawbacks of synthetic adhesives like formation of stickies and presence of VOCs. The presentation will high-light developments for various adhesives (water-borne, PSAs) based on renewable raw materials.

Modifications of AquaStik Polychloroprene Dispersions for Foam Adhesives
Dr. Lance Christell, DuPont Dow Elastomers, KY, USA
The challenge for latex producers has been to balance processing stability with quick bonding. Accelerated bond formation has been accomplished with two-part technology or by pH reduction to destabilise the colloidal system. We will describe methods that more effectively balance the need for latex stability and rapid bond formation.

The Wholesome Residential Environment and Adhesives
Masao Inoue, Konishi Co., Inc., co-authors: Fumio Inayama, Cemedine Co., Ltd.; Harushige Kamitani, Sunstar Engineering Inc.; Tsunekazu Inoue, Hitachi Kasei Polymer Co., Ltd.; Daijiro Asai, Aica Kogyo Co., Ltd., all Japan.
The recent advances in housing construction in Japan are designed air-tight spaces and a reduced ventilation ratio for energy savings. These housings have led to illnesses and irritation symptoms caused by VOC from adhesives, paints and plywood. JAIA (the Japan Adhesive Industry Association) has published a guidebook aiming to reduce the VOC from adhesives in the in-door environment and is promoting customers to use water-borne or non-solvent adhesives. The National Residential Environment Study Team has adopted the JAIA guideline in their official report.

Super High Crystalline TPU’s for the Market of Non-solvent Based Adhesives
Dr. Joaquim Juliŕ, Merquinsa, ES, co-authors: Jésus Lope, Daniel Salvatella.
A new family of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes in pellet form is described, with two main special properties:
- Very high crystalline structure
- High thermoplasticity.
for the production of environmentally friendly adhesives, as a replacement for other polymers as well as solvent-based and aqueous urethanes. They can be used in many, solvent-free forms.

Session 2 - Thursday 21 September 2000, 08.30 – 11.00 hrs
Session chair: Martin Stimpson, Velsicol Chemical Corporation, UK

A new solvent-free adhesive dispersion for general application
Fabio Chiozza, Vinavil S.p.A., IT, co-authors: Dr. Stefano Carrŕ, Dr. A. Arietti
This work describes the development of a new solvent-free, ethylene-vinylacetate dispersion, suitable for the formulation of wood and paper adhesives. Particular care has been devoted to the use of polymerisation techniques enabling a fine tailoring of the emulsion properties. A mixture of polyvinylalcohols at different hydrolysis degrees has been employed in the recipe as polymeric stabilisers, in order to obtain D2 water-resistance properties. Furthermore, polymerisation procedures have allowed to obtain a high molecular weight polymer, providing the emulsion with a high tensile strength.

Additives based on organo modified siloxanes
Dr. Michael Keup, Goldschmidt AG, DE
Waterbased adhesives require additives contrary to solvent based systems or hot melts. High performance adhesives and faster production machines even extend the requirements for those additives. To fulfil these requirements traditional organic or silicone additives are not efficient enough.
Goldschmidt was able to formulate additives based on organo modified siloxanes which allow to use high machine speeds in production. The high compatibility with the adhesives offers easy handling of such products.

KRATON Polymers: Drivers for Innovation
Jeffrey. G. Southwick, Deutsche Shell Chemie GmbH, DE, co-authors: M. A. Masse, Jürgen K. L. Schneider.
KRATON Polymers have been providing unique and innovative solutions to the adhesive industry for more than 30 years. This paper reviews developments by KRATON Polymers which will help the industry advance in the future including: low emission coating technologies for high temperature resistant adhesives, weatherable adhesive systems with excellent adhesion to polyolefins, and adhesives with a wide range of coating viscosities.

Stabilised Mercaptans as Epoxy Curing Agents
Charles Frihart, Cognis, Ambler, PA, USA, co-authors: Anbu Natesh, Ulrich Nagorny.
Mercaptans are excellent for rapid, ambient curing of epoxies, but their odour and skinning have limited their use. Instead of masking the odour, our new technology reduces the odour. Adding chelating agents reduces the oxidative skinning caused by the iron in fillers. Adding certain antioxidants inhibits the skinning catalysed by amine accelerators.

Technology and application of non-solvent type polyurethane adhesives
Masahito Takahasi, Dainippon Ink & Chemicals, Inc, JP.
Polyurethane adhesives are generally recognised as multi-purpose adhesives because of excellent performances. Meanwhile, recent environmental issues accelerate the movement from solvent-types to solvent-free types. As a resin manufacturer, we will introduce the recent topics of the development and application of solvent-free polyurethane adhesives: 1. solvent-free liquid type, 2. water-borne type, 3. hot-melt type. This report sets an emphasis especially on reactive hot-melt types, which is expected to be an "ideal adhesive".

Session 3 - Thursday 21 September 2000, 17.00 – 19.00 hrs
Session chair: Dr. Yasuhiro Okuri, Sunstar Engineering Inc., Japan

Tailor-made tackifier resins with defined EVA-compatibility
Dr. Knut Hillner, RÜTGERS VFT, DE
Tackifier resins are essential parts of hot melt formulations to improve e.g. hot tack, melt viscosity and open time. The influence of tailor-made aromatic tackifier resins -based on selected feedstocks- on important properties of EVA-based hot melts for woodworking and for paper and packaging applications is discussed.

Analysis of gases evolved from burning adhesives
Kazutami Wakabayashi, vice chairman of JAIA Technical Committee, Nogawa Chemical Co., Ltd., JP, co-authors: Hisaya Kai, Hitachi Kasei Polymer Co., Ltd.; Akio Koshida, Tohritu Kasei Kohgyo Co., Ltd.; Masaharu Iwasaki, Oshika Shinko Co., Ltd.; Takeyuki Kinoshita, Honen Corp.
As environmental problems are also social issues, gases evolved from burning adhesives are the subjects of public concern because of their influence on environment. Our members have investigated the past documents but we could not find any reasonable and convincing data about those gases. Thus we have tested and analysed some nine typical adhesives by the method of JIS K7217 (analytical method for determining gases evolved from burning plastics) and found organic gas ingredients such as CO, CO₂, and C_mH_n, and ionic ingredients such as HCl, H₂SO₄, HCN, and NH₄. We will comment these results and discuss about influence on human health.

Water-based binder systems for modern environment-friendly adhesives – reduction of VOC and substitution of plasticizer
Dr. Heinz-Peter Klein, Clariant GmbH, DE, co-authors: Dr. G. Apitz, Dr. B. Christensen, Dr. M. Jakob, Clariant GmbH; J. Altur, Clariant Ibérica, S.A.

Examples for improving the environmental profile of modern water-based adhesives are given. EMICODEŇ EC1 flooring adhesives, wood glues combining the properties of vinyl acetate homopolymers with the internal plastification of vinyl acetate-ethylene-co-polymers polymers and combinations of soft and hard vinyl acetate-ethylene-co-polymers for plasticizer-free packaging adhesives with improved adhesion are presented.

Acrylic Polymers for Low VOC Floor Covering Adhesives
Dr. Mark A. Kesselmayer, Rohm & Haas Co., USA
Rohm and Haas has developed binders and formulations that fulfil requirements for low VOC flooring adhesive applications. Data will be introduced that illustrate these advances that enable the adhesive manufacturer to define formulations which meet VOC requirements and yet maintain the performance derived from early solvent containing formulations.

Session 4 - Friday 22 September 2000, 9.00 – 12.30 hrs
Session Chair: Dr. Jürgen Wegner, Henkel KGaA, Germany

Solvent-free, Low Temperature Heat-Activated Adhesives Which Exhibit Good Heat Resistance
David A. Ley, CYTEC Industries, USA, co-authors: Irina Kobylanska, David M. Konkus.
m-Tetramethylxylene diisocyanate’s lack of side reactions and lower prepolymer viscosity allows easy manufacturing of solvent-free polyurethane dispersions for adhesives. These dispersions activate as low as 60 °C while providing non-crosslinked bonds with high heat resistance. Polymer composition variables that influence heat activation and heat resistance temperatures will be discussed.

New water-borne polychloroprene grades – Use motivation and future needs
Dr. Rüdiger Musch, Bayer AG, DE, co-authors: K. Panskus, N. Schildan, C. Oppenheimer-Stix.
By modifying the polymerisation and finishing process, a range of CR dispersion grades with a low chloroprene monomer level has now been successfully developed. In combination with a new dispersible crosslinking isocyanate and a suitable compounding process new areas of application – illustrated in examples – can be opened up.

Emission of isocyanate compounds – is it relevant for adhesives?
Reinhard Oppl, MILJÖ-CHEMIE, DE, co-author: Kurt Egmose, MILJŘ-KEMI, DK.
Diisocyanates and their metabolites are very strong sensitisers (causing allergy). Modern detection techniques showed significant emission of diisocyanate metabolites from PU products, especially at elevated temperature. Emission from PU adhesives has not yet been investigated using the new detection tools. The impact of this issue on adhesives will be discussed.

Advanced Techniques for Characterisation of Surface / Interface and Cure Mode of Adhesives.
Dr. Amir Hussain, Comtech GmbH, DE
Two of the most critical factors in determining the quality and durability of an adhesive bond are the surface/interface and the molecular architecture of the adhesive after curing. AFM is a very sensitive tool in studying surface roughness. Depending on the thickness of the surface treatment and of primers, a combination of various techniques like FTIR, ESCA and/or TOFSIMS is proving increasingly meaningful. After application of the adhesive, it is imperative to investigate its cure and cross-linking mode. MDSC (Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry), DTMA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis) and DETA (Dielectric Thermal Analysis) are being successfully employed.

EVA Hot Melt Adhesives: The Influence of the Vinyl Acetate Content and the Tackifier Nature on the Rheological, Thermal and Adhesion Properties
Dr. J.M. Martin-Martínez, University of Alicante, ES, co-authors: F. Arán-Aís, Dr. A.M. Torró-Palau, A.C.Orgilés-Barceló, INESCOP; M.L. Barrueso-Martínez, University of Alicante.
Three EVA copolymers with different VA content were mixed with rosin ester and terpene resin tackifiers in 1:1 ratios. The addition of the rosin ester to EVA produces a compatible mixture whereas for the terpene resin an incompatible mixture was obtained. The increase in the VA amount decreases the crystallinity of EVA and the elastic and viscous modules but increases the peel strength and the tack.

A new Technique (pyrolysis) for Analysis of Adhesives.
Dr. Inger Ericsson, Pyrol AB, SE
The importance of the technique pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) for analysis of non-volatile substances has increased thanks to improved instrumentation. Non-volatile substances, like synthetic and natural polymers, are thermally degraded in an inert atmosphere. A pyrolyzer is combined with a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer. The pyrolyzer heats the substance in the carrier gas of the gas chromatograph, which is helium in most cases, and the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer separates respectively identify qualitatively and quantitatively the pyrolysis products. This means that the technique can be used for e.g. identification of unknown samples, reclaims and for product control. The technique will be described and the characterisation of some adhesives will be presented.

High Performance Hotmelts based on Silane-modified Amorphous Poly-a -Olefins
Dr. Hans Günther Wey, Degussa-Hüls, DE, co-author: Wilfried Robers.
Due to their chemical reaction with polar substrates and their crosslinking silane-modified APAOs show much stronger adhesion and cohesion compared to non reactive grades. This will be presented by examples for the use of silane-modified APAOs in bonding plastics (e.g. polypropylene with and without pretreatment) and various other substrates.

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